Automatically generating fire-fighting foams to combat li-ion battery failures

ABSTRACT

A system for explosively applying a fire-fighting foam is provided. The system includes a thermoelectric generator that is attached to a battery heat source. A temperature differential across the thermoelectric generator generates an electrical current having a temperature-dependent voltage. A detonator circuit is electrically connected to the thermoelectric generator. The detonator circuit measures the voltage of the electrical current. An explosive foam applicator is communicatively connected to the detonator circuit and includes a trigger mechanism that detonates a propelling charge in response to receiving a signal from the detonator circuit when the detonator circuit determines that the electrical current corresponds to temperature that is greater than or equal to a threshold temperature. The explosive foam applicator is oriented such that detonating the propelling the charge causes the explosive foam applicator to apply a foam to the battery heat source.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to the field of fire-fightingequipment and, more particularly, to automatically generatingfire-fighting foam to combat Li-ion battery failures.

BACKGROUND

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are an advantageous energy storage mediumbecause they are rechargeable and generally have high energy density andhigh power density. Li-ion batteries are commonly found in hand-heldelectronic devices, such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, power tools,and various other types of electronic devices. Electric vehicles alsorepresent a significant use of Li-ion batteries. Generally, a Li-ionbattery includes a carbon-based electrode, a metal-oxide electrode, anda lithium salt that is dissolved in an organic solvent as anelectrolyte.

Li-ion batteries are likely to fail via thermal runaway ifshort-circuited, overheated, or overcharged. Short-circuiting, forexample, can occur via dendritic growth between the electrodes ormechanical deformation that brings the electrodes into physical contact.Thermal runaway can rupture Li-ion battery cells and result in fireand/or an explosion. Fire is a significant concern in that many of theorganic solvents used in the electrolytic solution are flammable,metal-oxide electrodes can decompose and produce oxygen at hightemperatures, and any deposits of metallic lithium will burn in thepresence of oxygen and/or water. Concerns over the safety oftransporting Li-ion batteries has led to their regulation.

SUMMARY

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a system forexplosively applying a fire-fighting foam is provided. The systemincludes: a thermoelectric generator having a first surface and a secondsurface, wherein a temperature differential between the first surfaceand the second surface causes the thermoelectric generator to generatean electrical current having a temperature-dependent voltage; adetonator circuit that is electrically connected to the thermoelectricgenerator, wherein the detonator circuit measures a voltage of theelectrical current generated by the thermoelectric generator; and anexplosive foam applicator that is communicatively connected to thedetonator circuit, wherein the detonator circuit includes a triggermechanism that detonates a propelling charge in response to a signalreceived from the detonator circuit in response to the detonator circuitdetermining that the voltage of the electrical current generated by thethermoelectric generator corresponds to a temperature that is greaterthan or equal to a threshold temperature.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, an apparatusfor explosively applying a fire-fighting foam is provided. The apparatuscomprising: a nozzle; a chamber having an aperture, wherein the nozzleis attached to the chamber such that the nozzle is in communication withan interior of the chamber via the aperture; a trigger mechanismattached to the chamber, the trigger mechanism having a first portionthat resides within the interior of the chamber and a second portionthat passes through a wall of the chamber to receive a signal from adetonator circuit; a propelling charge contained within the chamber andpositioned within the chamber such that the trigger mechanism cantrigger the propelling charge; and a foam cartridge attached to theinterior of the chamber such that expansion of the propelling chargeruptures the foam cartridge and ejects, at least in part, contents ofthe foam cartridge from the chamber via the nozzle.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, an apparatusfor safely transporting a plurality of batteries is provided. Theapparatus comprising: a shipping container housing having a bottominterior surface and a plurality of side interior surface; a pluralityof batteries attached to the bottom interior surface of the shippingcontainer housing; one or more explosive foam applicators attached toone or more of the side interior surfaces of the shipping containerhousing such that each explosive foam applicator is oriented to apply afoam to the plurality of batteries, each explosive foam applicatorcomprising: a nozzle; a chamber having an aperture, wherein the nozzleis attached to the chamber such that the nozzle is in communication withan interior of the chamber via the aperture; a trigger mechanismattached to the chamber, the trigger mechanism having a first portionthat resides within the interior of the chamber and a second portionthat passes through a wall of the chamber to receive a signal; apropelling charge contained within the chamber and positioned within thechamber such that the trigger mechanism can trigger the propellingcharge; and a foam cartridge attached to the interior of the chambersuch that expansion of the propelling charge ruptures the foam cartridgeand ejects, at least in part, contents of the foam cartridge from thechamber via the nozzle; one or more thermoelectric generators, eachthermoelectric generator having a first surface and a second surface,the first surface attached to the plurality of batteries such that heatgenerated by the plurality of batteries create a temperaturedifferential between the first surface and the second surface of atleast one of the thermoelectric generators; and one or more detonatorcircuits, wherein each detonator circuit is electrically connected to arespective thermoelectric generator of the one or more thermoelectricgenerators and is communicatively connected to at least one respectivetrigger mechanism of the one or more explosive foam applicators.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a functional block diagram illustrating a system forautomatically generating a fire-fighting foam utilizing an explosivefoam generator, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of an explosive foamapplicator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a Li-ion batteryshipping container that is equipped with a plurality of instances of theexplosive foam applicator depicted in FIG. 1B, in accordance with anembodiment of the present inventions.

FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a pressurized foamapplicator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing a more detailedview of the obturated aspirating nozzle and obturator depicted in FIG.3A, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a Li-ion batteryshipping container that is equipped with a plurality of instances of thepressurized foam applicator depicted in FIG. 3A, in accordance with anembodiment of the present inventions.

FIG. 5A is a perspective view of a schematic diagram of a Li-ion batterytravel in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5B is an opposing perspective view of the schematic diagram of theLi-ion battery travel case depicted in FIG. 5A, in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5C is a perspective view of the schematic diagram of the Li-ionbattery travel case depicted in FIG. 5A showing a top-down view of thebottom compartment of the Li-ion battery travel case, in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of the Li-ionbattery travel case depicted in FIG. 5A along line A-A, as depicted inFIG. 5C, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5E is a cross-sectional schematic diagram on an embodiment of theLi-ion battery travel case depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5F is a perspective view of the schematic diagram of the Li-ionbattery travel case depicted in FIG. 5E showing a bottom-up view of thetop compartment of the Li-ion battery travel case along line B-B, asdepicted in FIG. 5E, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional schematic diagram on the embodiment of theLi-ion battery travel case depicted in FIG. 5E depicting the Li-ionbattery travel case following generation of a fire-fighting foam, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram depicting a view of a single-usecontainment pouch, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of single-usecontainment pouch depicted in FIG. 6A along line C-C, as depicted inFIG. 6A, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6C is a cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B along line D-D,as depicted in FIG. 6B, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 6D is the cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 6C showing a tear top ofthe single-use containment pouch in a partially torn position, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6E is the cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 6D showing a batterywithin the resealed single-use containment pouch in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6F is the cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 6E showing a rupturedfoaming agent cartridge and a fire-fighting foam coating the batterywithin the resealed single-use containment pouch in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of a schematic diagram depicting aview of a single-use containment pouch, in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 7A along line E-E, asdepicted in FIG. 7A, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7C is the cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 7B showing a tear top ofthe single-use containment pouch in a torn position and a release offoaming agent and inert gas, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present invention recognize that lithium-containingbatteries are a growing and increasingly indispensable form ofelectrical energy storage and that the transportation of which presentssignificant engineering challenges. The high energy and power densityand low weight of these batteries make them attractive power sources forground vehicles, seafaring ships and boats, aircraft, and spacecraft.Additionally, these batteries are ubituqous in the form of power sourcesfor portable electronic devices that are carried by the crew andpassengers of such vehicles and/or as cargo carried by such vehicles.While generally safe, the high energy density of lithium-containingbatteries can threaten the structural integrity of such vehicles and thewellbeing of any passenergars or crew when one or more batteries fail.Failing Li-ion batteries can generate temperatures up to 500 degreesCelsius. For example, embodiments of the present invention recognizethat a fire resulting from a battery failure aboard an aircraft orspacecraft can quickly degrade a craft's structural integrity andconsequently its airworthiness and/or space-worthiness, and therefore,such fires must be suppressed and/or contained as quickly as possible.

Additionally, embodiments of the present invention recognize thatapplying a fire-fighting foam to failing and/or burning batteries canmoderate thermal runaway by extracting heat from failing componentsand/or suppress or prevent further combustion by removing heat fromcombustible components and starving combustible components of oxygen. Inrelatively small, enclosed spaces, such as the cabin, crew quarters, orcargo hold of an aircraft or spacecraft, it is also advantageous tocontain fire and heat generated by battery failures as quickly aspossible and to the maximum extent possible to minimize the exposure ofpassengers and/or crew to smoke and other combustion products inaddition to protecting the structural integrity of the craft. On theother hand, embodiments of the present invention recognize that it isadvantageous to reduce the likelihood of inadvertently triggering asuppression/containment system. Furthermore, providing a simple yeteffective suppression/containment system can minimize costs and fosteradoption of equipment and procedures for combating Li-ion batteryfailures.

Embodiments of the present invention respectively provide devices andsystems for automatically generating fire-fighting foams utilizingautomatic triggering mechanisms. While embodiments of the presentinvention are discussed with respect to combating failing Li-ionbatteries, the invention described herein is not to be construed aslimited thereto. Embodiments of the invention can be utilized to combatother forms of exothermic reactions that generate sufficient heat toactivate the triggering mechanisms described herein. It is to be furtherunderstood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose ofillustration and to help those skilled in the art to understand andimplement the present invention, without suggesting any limitation as tothe scope of the invention. The invention described herein can beimplemented in various manners other than the ones explicitly describedherein.

As used herein, a list of alternatives such as “at least one of A, B,and C” should be interpreted to mean “at least one A, at least one B, atleast one C, or any combination of A, B, C.”

Additionally, the phrase “based on” should be interpreted to mean“based, at least in part, on.”

The term “exemplary” means of or relating to an example and should notbe construed to indicate that any particular embodiment is preferredrelative to any other embodiment.

Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in detailwith reference to the Figures.

FIG. 1A is a functional block diagram illustrating a system forautomatically generating a fire-fighting foam utilizing an explosivefoam generator, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. More specifically, FIG. 1 is a functional block diagramillustrating explosively-driven foam application system 100.Explosively-driven foam application system 100 includes battery heatsource 105, thermoelectric generator 110, detonator circuit 120, andexplosive foam applicator 130. Battery heat source 105 is in thermalcontact with hot surface 112 of thermoelectric generator 110.Thermoelectric generator 110 is electrically connected to detonatorcircuit 120, and detonator circuit 120 is communicatively and/orelectrically connected to explosive foam applicator 130 such thatdetonator circuit 120 can send a signal to explosive foam applicator 130that causes, at least in part, a detonation of a propelling charge ofexplosive foam applicator 130. Explosive foam applicator 130 isdescribed in greater detail with respect to FIG. 1B.

In various embodiments, battery heat source 105 represents one or moreLi-ion batteries. In other embodiments, however, battery heat source 105represents one or more batteries of a different chemical makeup (e.g.,nickel-metal hydride batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, etc.). In yetother embodiments, battery heat source 105 represents another type ofenergy source, such as a fuel cell. In general, battery heat source 105represents a source of heat that is sufficient, if not suppressed oreliminated, to cause, or have the potential to cause, combustion of theheat source and/or surrounding materials and/or produces sufficient heatto compromise, or have the potential to compromise, the structuralintegrity of surrounding structures (e.g., the airframe of an aircraftor spacecraft or hull of a boat or ship).

Thermoelectric generator 110 represents a device that converts heat frombattery heat source 105 into electricity used to drive detonator circuit120. In some embodiments, for example, thermoelectric generator 110 is asolid-state generator in which an array of alternating p-doped andn-doped elements of one or more semiconductors are electricallyconnected in series and thermally connected in parallel such that thearray is defined, at least in part, by two large, planar parallelsurfaces. Hot surface 112 represents one such surface, and cold surface114 represents another, opposed surface. Hot surface 112 is in thermalcontact with battery heat source 105 such that heat from battery heatsource 105 flows into thermoelectric generator 110 via hot surface 112and is removed from thermoelectric generator 110 via cold surface 114. Adifference in temperature between hot surface 112 and cold surface 114causes an electrical current to flow in the thermoelectric materials dueto the Seebeck effect, as will be understood by persons having ordinaryskill in the art.

Thermoelectric generator 110 can incorporate various thermoelectricmaterials and various dopants as functional materials between hotsurface 112 and cold surface 114 (e.g., bismuth telluride and/or leadtelluride). Persons having ordinary skill in the art will furtherunderstand that many thermoelectric materials exist and that thesematerials have various properties with respect to electricalconductivity, thermal conductivity, and Seebeck coefficient, amongstothers, that can affect a thermoelectric generator's power factor,efficiency, and operating temperature range. Embodiments of the presentinvention recognize that it is advantageous to optimize thermoelectricgenerator 110 via thermoelectric material selection such thatthermoelectric generator 110 is optimized to generate a current betweena threshold hot-surface temperature (i.e., a threshold temperature ofbattery heat source 105) and a trigger temperature (i.e., a temperatureat which detonator circuit 120 triggers a propelling charge) Similarly,embodiments of the present invention recognize that it is advantageousto optimize thermoelectric generator 110 via thermoelectric generatordesign, and therefore, in addition to embodiments that utilizesingle-stage thermoelectric generators, various embodiments of thepresent invention utilize segmented thermoelectric generator designsand/or cascaded thermoelectric generator designs to optimizethermoelectric generator 110 for an operating temperature range and/ortrigger temperature. Some embodiments of the present invention utilize acascaded lead telluride/bismuth telluride design for thermoelectricgenerator 110 to optimize thermoelectric generator 110 for operation(i.e., to provide an electric current to detonator circuit 120) betweenapproximately 200 degrees Celsius and approximately 360 degrees Celsius(392 to 680 degrees Fahrenheit).

Embodiments of the present invention recognize that thermoelectricgenerators are advantageous in that they are generally mechanical simpledue to a lack of moving parts and are more reliable than moremechanically complex types of electric generators. The presentinvention, however, is not be construed as being limited to the use ofthermoelectric generators. For example, another form of heat engine,such as a stirling-cycle engine, can be used to provide electrical powerto detonator circuit 120). In addition, explosively-driven foamapplication system 100, in various embodiments, can be integrated with apower system of a host vehicle or container. In, yet other embodiments,explosively-driven foam application system 100 can utilize, as a primaryand/or secondary power source, an independent power supply (e.g., aback-up battery) that does not depend on battery heat source 105 and/ora power system of a host vehicle or container to provide an electricalcurrent. Similarly, various embodiments of the present invention canutilize an independent measurement of the temperature of battery heatsource 105 (e.g., a thermocouple temperature sensor) as a primary orsecondary (i.e., a backup) temperature sensor.

Detonator circuit 120 represents one or more electrical devices thatdetonates a propelling charge of explosive foam applicator 130 based onheat generated by battery heat source 105. For example, thermoelectricgenerator 110 can power detonator circuit 120 utilizing heat generatedby battery heat source 105 and detonator circuit 120. Persons havingordinary skill in the art will understand that thermoelectric generatorscan produce a current having a temperature-dependent voltage from atemperature differential, such as the temperature differential betweenhot surface 112 and cold surface 114. Therefore, detonator circuit 120can infer the temperature at hot surface 112, and thus the temperatureof battery heat source 105, based, at least in part, on the voltage ofthe current generated by thermoelectric generator 110. In the embodimentdepicted in FIG. 1A, detonator circuit 120 incorporates a voltmeter,ammeter, multimeter, or another instrument for measuring electricalproperties from which the temperature at hot surface 112 can beinferred. Detonator circuit 120 also stores and executes logic todetermine the temperature at hot surface 112 and to detonate thepropelling charge of explosive foam applicator 130 at a specifiedthreshold temperature of hot surface 112 (e.g., a temperature or rangeof temperatures between approximately 150 degrees Celsius and 250degrees Celsius), as described herein.

To more accurately determine the temperature of battery heat source 105,some embodiments of detonator circuit incorporate one or moretemperature sensors (e.g., one or more thermocouples) to measure anambient temperature around explosive foam applicator 130 in order toadvantageously compensate for heat within the ambient environment thatis not reflected in the temperature differential across hot surface 112and cold surface 114. In other embodiments, detonator circuit 120incorporates logic that represents assumptions about the temperature ofthe ambient environment based, for example, on the temperaturedifferential across hot surface 112 and cold surface 114, the lengths ofperiods of time corresponding to various temperature differentialsacross hot surface 112 and cold surface 114, and various other factorsrelating to the production and dissipation of heat within the ambientenvironment.

In various embodiments, detonator circuit 120 represents processor(s),cache(s), memories, persistent storage, input/output (I/O) interface(s),and a bus for passing data and/or control information between theaforementioned components. Memory, cache(s), and persistent storageincorporated in detonator circuit 120 are computer readable storagemedia and can include any suitable volatile or non-volatile computerreadable storage media. Program instructions and data used to practiceembodiments of the present invention can be stored in persistent storageand/or in memory for execution by one or more processor via respectivecache(s). In some embodiments, for example, detonator circuit 120represents a microcontroller that can be incorporated intothermoelectric generator 110 or explosive foam applicator 130 and thatis programmed with firmware that provides the functionality attributedto detonator circuit 120. Logic to provide the functionality attributedto detonator circuit 120 can also be provided via program instructionsstored on removable storage media, such as optical and magnetic disks,thumb drives, and smart cards, or provided via wired or wirelessconnection and respective hardware and communication protocols, whichmay facilitate modification of the logic (e.g., to reprogram detonatorcircuit 120 to detonate the propelling charge at a different triggertemperature). In other embodiments, detonator circuit 120 represents anelectronic device that is discrete from thermoelectric generator 110 andexplosive foam applicator 130. In some embodiments, for example,detonator circuit 120 includes, or is incorporated into, a display forpresenting information, including the temperature at hot surface 112and/or whether or not detonator circuit 120 has detonated explosive foamapplicator 130, and is provided with I/O interface(s) forarming/disarming detonator circuit 120 and/or setting the temperature atwhich detonator circuit 120 detonates the propelling charge of explosivefoam applicator 130. Detonator circuit 120 can, in various embodiments,transmit information such information and accept such inputs via variouswired and wireless communication protocols know in the art.

FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of an explosive foamapplicator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.More specifically, FIG. 1B depicts an embodiment of explosive foamapplicator 130 in which two-component foam cartridge 140 and propellingcharge 136 reside within an interior of chamber 132 and aspiratingnozzle 134 is in communication with the interior of chamber 132.Explosive foam applicator 130 and its components are drawn so as tofacilitate explanation of various aspects of the embodiments of thepresent inventions and are not necessarily drawn to scale. Persons ofordinary skill in the art will understand that two-component foamcartridge 140 can be sized so as to produce a specified amount offire-fighting foam and that chamber 132, aspirating nozzle 134, andpropelling charge 136 should be sized to generate and contain pressurethat is sufficient to substantially rupture two-component foam cartridge140 and apply, via aspirating nozzle 134, a resulting fire-fighting foamto failing batteries (e.g., battery heat source 105).

In the embodiment, depicted in FIG. 1B, propelling charge 136 representsa chemical propellant that is triggered (e.g., detonates and/or burns)when detonator circuit 120 activates trigger mechanism 137. A firstportion of trigger mechanism 137 can be located in the interior ofchamber 132 and include elements for detonating or igniting propellingcharge 136, and a second portion of trigger mechanism can pass throughthe wall of chamber 132 to receive signals from detonator circuit 120.Trigger mechanism 137 can, for example, represent a spark-gap igniter oran electrically resistive igniter. In some embodiments, detonatorcircuit 120 and/or trigger mechanism 137 include elements to step-up thevoltage and/or current generated by thermoelectric generator 110 toactivate trigger mechanism 137 and detonate or ignite propelling charge136 (e.g., a spark igniter may require a higher voltage and a resistiveigniter may require a higher current than that provided bythermoelectric generator 110). Sodium azide and nitroguanidine are twoexamples chemical propellants. Sodium azide and nitroguanidinerespectively decompose at approximately 275 degrees Celsius andapproximately 250 degrees Celsius. These and similar compounds areadvantageous in that they provide safety and redundancy in that they arenot flammable but detonate (i.e., decompose) at relatively lowtemperatures in the event that detonator circuit 120 and/orthermoelectric generator 110 fail to function correctly, which mayadvantageously apply the fire-fighting foam before the effects ofthermal runaway/combustion become unmanageable. Embodiments of thepresent invention, however, are not limited to such chemicalpropellants. In other embodiments propelling charge 136 represent aquantity of compressed gas within a pressure vessel and triggermechanism 137 represents an actuator-controlled valve, rupturing charge,or another release mechanism that detonator circuit 120 can activate torelease the pressurized gas when appropriate.

Two-component foam cartridge 140 is a multi-cellular structure thatcontains a two-component tire-fighting foam. Persons having ordinaryskill in the art will understand the fire-fighting foams are generallyaqueous foams made up of water, a surfactant, and various additives tohelp stabilize the foam in the presence of combustion products,combustion reactants, and various environmental factors. Persons havingordinary skill in the art will further understand that specificsurfactants and additives are chosen based on factors including sourcesof likely fires and the environments in which fires are expected. Withrespect to Li-ion battery fires, for example, it is advantageous toutilize surfactants and additives that are resistant to the polarsolvents that Li-ion batteries typically contain. Specific surfactantsand additives used in various embodiments of the present invention canbe similarly chosen. Exemplary surfactants include sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, magnesium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, sodium lauryl sulfate,magnesium lauryl sulfate, ammonium lauryl ether sulfate, and magnesiumlauryl ether sulfate, amongst others. Similarly, concentrations ofwater, surfactants, and additives can be chosen based on various usageand environmental factors. Exemplary fire-fighting foam compositions(i.e., ratios of the contents of two-component foam cartridge 140)include foams of approximately 50 to approximately 60 weight percentwater, approximately 35 weight percent surfactant, and approximately 5to approximately 15 weight percent additives. Embodiments of the presentinvention, however, are not to be construed as being limited to the useof only these surfactants and compositions. As-used herein, a“two-component foam” refers to a foam having water as a first componentand a “foaming agent” as a second component. In various embodiments the“foaming agent” represents one or more surfactants and any additionaladditives, but does not exclude the possibly that additional additivesare dissolved or suspended in the water component.

Two-component foam cartridge 140 includes aqueous cells 142 and foamingagent cells 144. Two-component foam cartridge 140 can include adifferent number of aqueous cells 142 and foaming agent cells 144 andcan have a different arrangement of cells without departing from thescope of the present invention. Various additives can be dissolved inwater contained within aqueous cells 142 and/or mixed with one or moresurfactants in foaming agent cells 144. Two-component foam cartridge 140is made of a material that is substantially impermeable to water (e.g.,polyethylene, polypropylene, and various other polymers) and constructedsuch that aqueous cells 142 and foaming agent cells 144 will rupture,causing water and surfactants and additives contained therein to mix, inresponse to the detonation of propelling charge 136. It is advantageousthat two-component foam cartridge 140 be designed such that as many ofaqueous cells 142 and foaming agent cells 144 rupture as possible inresponse to the expansion of propelling charge 136 upon detonationand/or ignition of propelling charge 136. Persons of ordinary skill inthe art will understand that the material used to form two-componentfoam cartridge 140, cell-wall dimensions, and the pressure generated bypropelling charge 136 will affect how two-component foam cartridge 140ruptures and how pressure is built within and released from chamber 132.In some embodiments, two-component foam cartridge 140 is a unicellularor multicellular cartridge in which water, surfactant(s), and anyadditives(s) are premixed with each cell.

In various embodiments, two-component foam cartridge 140 is attached tothe interior of chamber 132 by one or more mechanical fasteners, one ormore chemical fasteners, one or more electromagnetic fasteners,frictional forces, or any combination of the aforementioned elementssuch that detonation and/or ignition of propelling charge 136 generatessufficient pressure to rupture two-component foam cartridge 140 andeject the fire-fighting foam, at least in part, from chamber 132. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 1B, the interior of chamber 132 and a bottomsurface of two-component foam cartridge 140 define a cavity containingpropelling charge 136. Embodiments of the present invention, however,are not limited to this arrangement of two-component foam cartridge 140and propelling charge 136 within chamber 132 and other arrangements arepossible, as will be understood by persons having ordinary skill in theart.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1B, aspirating nozzle 134 is incommunication with the interior of chamber 132 such that thetwo-component fire-fighting foam contained within two-component foamcartridge 140 is expelled from chamber 132 and directed toward aheat/fire source (e.g., battery heat source 105) by aspirating nozzle134. Aspirating nozzle 134 incorporates a plurality of apertures (i.e.,apertures 135) that serve, at least in part, to draw in air (i.e.,aspirate) as the two-component fire-fighting foam is ejected throughaspirating nozzle 134. Incorporating air via apertures 135 inducesturbulence that advantageous increases mixing of water, surfactant(s),and any additives(s) contained within two-component foam cartridge 140and advantageously increases the expansion ratio of the two-componentfire-fighting foam, thereby allowing the foam to suppress fires within agreater area and/or provide better knockdown of flames and/or provide abetter seal to atmospheric oxygen.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a Li-ion batteryshipping container that is equipped with a plurality of instances of theexplosive foam applicator depicted in FIG. 1B, in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 2 depictsan embodiment of shipping container 150 that is equipped with aplurality of thermoelectric generators 110, detonator circuits 120, andexplosive foam applicators 130. Shipping container 150 and the elementswithin shipping container 150 are drawn so as to facilitate explanationof various aspects of embodiments of the present invention and are notnecessarily drawn to scale. Persons having ordinary skill in the artwill understand that the number, size, and arrangements of explosivefoam applicators 130, for example, will vary in accordance with thenumber of batteries that shipping container 150 is designed totransport, a specified degree of fire prevention, suppression, andextinguishing capability, and/or a specified amount of generated foam,among other parameters.

Shipping container 150 is an example of a shipping container fortransporting bulk shipments of Li-ion batteries (e.g., tens, hundreds,or thousands of batteries) between two geographical points. In someembodiments, shipping container 150 represents a shipping container thatis sized and constructed to meet one or more standards for shippingcontainers that are transported via cargo aircraft (e.g., such thatshipping container 150 complies with requirements for carriage in thecargo hold of a passenger or cargo aircraft). In other embodiments,shipping container 150 represents a shipping container that is sized andconstructed to meet one or more standards for shipping containers thatare transported via ship, train, and/or truck (e.g., a standardizedintermodal shipping container of “ISO” container). In yet otherembodiments, shipping container 150 is a purpose-built shippingcontainer designed to transport a specified number of batteries via oneor more forms of transportation. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2,shipping container 150 includes housing 152 that subdivides shippingcontainer 150 into first compartment 154A and second compartment 154B.Subdividing shipping container 150 in this way is advantageous in orderto contain, as much as is practicable, fire and heat generated byfailing batteries to a portion of shipping container 150 to limit anyresulting losses.

In general, housing 152 is constructed so as to be resistant to heatgenerated by failing Li-ion batteries, which can generate temperaturesthat reach approximately 500 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments,housing 152 is constructed from a high-temperature metal alloy (e.g.,various high-temperature steel alloys). Embodiments of the presentinventions, however, recognize that high-temperature metal alloys can beexpensive in monetary terms and unsuitable for weigh-sensitiveapplications (e.g., air transportation) due to their mass, but thatlight alloys and various polymer materials, while being light, generallyweaken and/or melt at insufficiently high temperatures (e.g., variousaluminum alloys have respective melting temperatures betweenapproximately 460 degrees Celsius and approximately 670 degreesCelsius). Therefore, various embodiments utilize ceramic thermal barriercoatings, ablative coatings, thermally insulating coatings, and othertemperature resistant materials known in the art to form, in combinationwith one or more structural materials, a composite structure thatprovides suitable strength, weight, and heat/flame resistance forvarious applications of shipping container 150. Additionally, it isadvantageous that the one or more materials that form housing 152 beimpact resistant and water-resistant to protect the contents of shippingcontainer 150 during transport and surrounding materials and/orstructures from water/foam if explosive foam applicators 130 aredetonated.

First compartment 154A and second compartment 154B respectively containfirst battery pallet 160A and second battery pallet 160B. Firstcompartment 154A also contains first support structure 1581 thatsupports first battery pallet 160A, and similarly, second compartment154B also contains second support structure 158B that supports secondbattery pallet 160B. Embodiments of the present invention are notlimited to the number and arrangement of compartments depicted in FIG.2. First battery pallet 160A and second battery pallet 160B eachrepresent a plurality of Li-ion batteries. To load and unload first andsecond battery pallets 160A and 160B into and out of shipping container150, first compartment 154A and second compartment 154B can be accessedvia one or more moveable panels, doors, hatches, and/or various otherforms of moveable barriers known in the art (not shown). In general,first and second support structures 158A and 158B respectively securefirst and second battery pallets 160A and 160B within first and secondcompartments 154A and 154B during transport of shipping container 150.In some embodiments, support structures 158A and 158B include slidingand/or rolling elements to aid in loading and unloading first and secondbattery pallets 160A and 160B into and out of first and secondcompartments 154A and 154B. In other embodiments, support structures158A and 158B represent elements that are integrated with housing 152.Support structures 158A and 158B and be fixedly or removably attached tohousing 152 by any form of mechanical, chemical, and/or electromagneticfastener(s) known in the art. Similarly, first and second batterypallets 160A and 160B can be removably attached to support structures158A and 158B, respectively, by any form of mechanical, chemical, and/orelectromagnetic fastener(s) known in the art. Persons of ordinary skillin the art will understand that support structures 158A and 158B cantake various forms within, or be omitted from, shipping container 150and that embodiments of the present inventions are not limited tostructures of the type depicted in FIG. 2.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2, thermoelectric generators 110 areattached to faces of first and second battery pallets 160A and 160B anddetonator circuits 120 are attached to thermoelectric generators 110.Leads 116 electrically connect detonator circuits 120 to explosive foamapplicators 130. In some embodiments, however, detonator circuits 120communicates with trigger mechanism 137 via a radio signal and/or anywireless protocol known in the art, and therefore, leads 116 areomitted; detonator circuit 120 and trigger mechanism 137 can incorporatetransmitters and/or receivers to facilitate wireless communication.Explosive foam applicators 130 are secured to interior surfaces of firstand second compartments 154A and 154B such that an aspirating nozzle ofeach instance of foam applicator 130 is directed towards a respectiveface of first battery pallet 160A or second battery pallet 160B.Explosive foam applicators 130 can be fixedly and/or removably securedto housing 152, either directly or utilizing intervening structures, byany form of fastener known in the art. In this particular embodiment,each instance of detonator circuit 120 is electrically connected totrigger mechanisms of two respective explosive foam applicators 130 thatare directed towards a face of first or second battery pallet 160A or160B to which a respective instance of thermoelectric generator 110 isattached. Embodiments of the present invention, however, are not limitedto either the number or arrangement of thermoelectric generators 110,detonator circuits 120, and/or explosive foam applicators 130 depictedin FIG. 2. The placement of thermoelectric generators 110 on first andsecond battery pallets 160A and 160B and the placement of explosive foamapplicators 130, for example, can be tailored based on a specific cargoor specific type of cargo.

Placing thermoelectric generators 110 in direct contact with respectivesurfaces of first and second battery pallets 160A and 160B isadvantageous because it facilitates early detection of battery failures.By placing thermoelectric generators 110 in direct contact with firstand second battery pallets 160A and 160B, detonator circuits 120 areable to measure the temperature at respective surfaces of first andsecond battery pallets 160A and 160B directly the temperature of hotsurface 112 of thermoelectric generators 110), as opposed to indirectlyby measuring rising air temperatures as a result of heat produced byfailing batteries. Therefore, an instance of detonator circuits 120 candetonate the explosive foam applicator(s) 130 to which it is connectedas soon as it registers a threshold temperature at hot surface 112 of arespective instance of thermoelectric generators 110, which is likely tooccur earlier in time compared to registering a threshold airtemperature because the failing batteries (i.e., battery heat source105) do not first need to produce sufficient heat to raise thetemperature of the ambient air to the threshold air temperature.Additionally, the use of thermoelectric generators 110 and explosivefoam applicators 130 is advantageous in that proper functioning of eachis not orientation dependent (e.g., gravity dependent), as will beunderstood by persons having ordinary skill in the art.

As described above, the threshold temperature at which detonatorcircuits 120 detonate explosive foam applicators 130 can be adjusted. Insome embodiments, one or more instances of detonator circuits 120 areconfigured to detonate respective instances of explosive foamapplicators 130 at a first threshold temperature to remove heat frombattery pallets 160A and/or 160B before elements therein ignite (e.g.,via thermal runaway) while other instances of detonator circuits 120 areconfigured to detonate respective instances of explosive foamapplicators 130 at a second, higher threshold temperature to furthercombat the effects of battery failures.

Elements of one or more instances of explosively-driven foam applicationsystem 100 are omitted from FIG. 2 with respect to the bottom surfacesof first and second compartments 154A and 154B and bottom surfaces offirst and second battery pallets 160A and 160B for illustrativesimplicity in view the depiction of support structures 158A and 158B.Some embodiments, however, incorporate elements of one or more instancesof explosively-driven foam application system 100 with respect to suchsurfaces in order to coat, at least in part, the bottom surface of firstand second battery pallets 160A and 160B in the event of batteryfailures; support structures 158A and 158B can be modified accordingly(e.g., by incorporating a plurality of perforations). In otherembodiments, however, first and second battery pallets 160A and 160B arearranged within first and second compartments 154A and 154B of housing152 such that bottom surfaces of first and second battery pallets 160Aand 160B are submerged or substantially coated by foam that pools at thebottoms of first and second compartments 154A and 154B following thedetonation of explosive foam applicators 130.

Shipping container 151 incorporates first vent 156A and second vent156B. First vent 156A is in communication with first compartment 154A ofhousing 152 via a corresponding aperture in housing 152. Similarly,second vent 156B is in communication with second compartment 154B ofhousing 152 via a corresponding aperture in housing 152. Embodiments ofthe present invention are not limited to the number, type, andarrangement of vents depicted in FIG. 2. While increased pressure andreduced oxygen concentration within first and second compartment 154Aand 154B can suppress combustion, too much pressure can compromise thestructural integrity of shipping container 151. First and second vents156A and 156B are advantageous in that they can reduce the buildup ofpressure within shipping container 152 in the event of battery failuresand any subsequent detonations of explosive foam applicators 130. Insome embodiments, one or both of first and second vents 156A and 156Bincorporate respective filters and/or scrubbers to mitigate transmissionof combustion products (e.g., smoke and fumes) to other areas of avehicle transporting shipping container 151 (e.g., a passengercompartment). For example, a filter/scrubber can include charcoalfiltering elements to filter out particulate matter and/orcalcium-contains salts to mitigate transmission of hydrogen fluoridegas. Persons having ordinary skill in the art will understand thatfilters can incorporate various mechanisms for mitigating transmissionof anticipated combustion products. In other embodiments, one or both offirst and second vents 156A and 156B represent exhaust pipes that ventcombustion products from failing batteries outside of a vehicletransporting shipping container 151 (e.g., to the ambient atmosphereoutside of a cargo hold of an aircraft); such exhaust pipes canincorporate filtering/scrubbing elements as described above.

FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a pressurized foamapplicator, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.More specifically, FIG. 3A depicts an embodiment of pressurized foamapplicator 300, which is configured to generate and apply afire-fighting foam at a threshold temperature or threshold range oftemperatures.

The embodiment of pressurized foam applicator 300 depicted in FIG. 3Aincludes obturated aspirating nozzle 310, obturator 320, feed tube 330,and pressure vessel 340. Obturator 320 is designed such that obturator320 obstructs obturated aspirating nozzle 310 to prevent the passage ofthe contents of pressure vessel 340 through feed tube 330 and obturatedaspirating nozzle 310 below a threshold temperature or threshold rangeof temperatures. At and/or above the threshold temperature or thresholdrange of temperatures, obturator 320 fails due to one or more effects oftemperature on obturator 320 such that the contents of pressure vessel340 are able to pass through feed tube 330 and out of obturatedaspirating nozzle 310, which obturator 320 no longer completelyobstructs.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3A, pressure vessel 340 contains apre-pressurized inert gas and an aqueous mixture of the phases of atwo-component fire-fighting foam (e.g., a mixture of water and a foamingagent). The two-component fire-fighting foam and its various componentsare substantially similar to the two-component fire-fighting foamdiscussed previously. In various embodiments, the pressurized inert gascan be one of, or a combination of, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium,argon, and/or various other inert gases known in the art. In general,pressures within pressure vessel 340 are comparable to pressures withinvarious types of fire extinguishers known in the art. For example, theinert gas can be pressurized to between approximately 690 kilopascals toapproximately 5860 kilopascals depending on factors including the typeor pressurized gas, the amount of two-component fire-fighting foamcontained within pressure vessel 340, a specified flux of foam, and aspecified distance to which pressurized foam applicator 300 is to applythe foam, amongst other factors.

In general, the aqueous mixture of the phases of the two-componentfire-fighting foam does not form a stable mixture with the pressurizedinert gas within pressure vessel 340, and thus surface level 350represents an interface between the pressurized inert gas and theaqueous mixture. Feed tube 330 is designed and positioned withinpressure vessel 340 such that first end 332 of feed tube 330 ispositioned below surface level 350 to maximize the amount of the aqueousmixture that can be applied, as a foam, via pressurized foam applicator300. Second end 334 of feed tube 330 is attached to obturated aspiratingnozzle 310 so that the aqueous mixture, under pressure from thepressurized inert gas, can be ejected through obturated aspiratingnozzle 310 when obturator 320 no longer obstructs obturated aspiratingnozzle 310. Second end 334 of feed tube 330 can he fixedly or removablyattached to obturated aspirating nozzle 310, either directly orindirectly, by any method known in the art. Similarly, obturatedaspirating nozzle 310 can he fixedly or removable attached to pressurevessel 340, either directly or indirectly, by any method known in theart that is sufficient to contain the contents of pressure vessel 340.Features of obturated aspirating nozzle 310 and obturator 320 arediscussed in more detail below with respect to FIG. 3B.

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing a more detailedview of the obturated aspirating nozzle and obturator depicted in FIG.3A, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3B, obturated aspirating nozzle 310includes bell portion 312, throat surface 316 and shoulder surface 318.Bell portion 312 is substantially similar to aspirating nozzle 134, asdescribed with respect to FIG. 1B, and includes apertures 314, which aresubstantially similar to apertures 135, as described with respect toFIG. 1B. Second end 334 of feed tube 330 is attached to obturatedaspirating nozzle 310, as described above with respect to FIG. 3A.Throat surface 316 and shoulder surface 318 of obturated aspiratingnozzle 310 (i.e., interior surface of obturated aspirating nozzle 310)are designed to mate with obturator 320, which is similarly shaped.Under the force of the pressurized aqueous mixture of water and foamingagent, obturator 320 is held within obturated aspirating nozzle 310 bythroat surface 316 and shoulder surface 318 of obturated aspiratingnozzle 310. Shoulder surface 318 of obturated aspirating nozzle 310resists movement of obturator 320 through obturated aspirating nozzle310, at least in part, via the application of a normal force toobturator 320. Throat surface 316 of obturated aspirating nozzle 310resists movement of obturator 320 through obturated aspirating nozzle310, at least in part, via the application of a frictional force toobturator 320. In other embodiments, obturated aspirating nozzle 310incorporates additional and/or different types of structural elements,such as detents, catches, ribs, and other structures and/or devicesknown in the art, to resist the movement of obturator 320. Embodimentsof the present invention are not to be construed as being limited to theelements depicted in FIG. 3B. In some embodiments, obturator 320 isoversized relative to throat surface 316 and shoulder surface 318 ofobturated aspirating nozzle 310, thereby causing obturated aspiratingnozzle 310 to compress obturator 320 when obturator 320 is inserted intoobturated aspirating nozzle 310. To resist the compression, obturator320 exerts normal forces against throat surface 316 and shoulder surface318 that advantageously increase frictional forces that assists inretaining obturator 320 within obturated aspirating nozzle 310.

In general, the material(s) from which obturator 320 is made affect thepressure that can be held within pressurized foam applicator 300 and thetemperature(s) at which pressurized foam applicator 300 applies thetwo-component fire-fighting foam to failing batteries. In someembodiments, obturator 320 is made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materialshaving various degrees of crystallinity. For example, PVC having adegree of crystallinity of approximately ten to approximately fifteenpercent melts at approximately 85 degrees Celsius. Controlling thedegree of crystallinity can advantageously provides a degree of controlover the melting point and/or glass transition temperature of the PVCmaterial. Decreasing the degree of crystallinity generally lowersmelting temperatures while increasing the degree of crystallinitygenerally increases melting temperature. In other embodiments, obturator320 is made of various types of nylon. Nylon 6,6 (i.e.,poly(hexamethylene adipamide)), for example, melts at approximately 256degrees Celsius. In yet other embodiments, obturator 320 is made ofvarious low-temperature metallic alloys. For example, various alloys ofbismuth, tin, and/or lead exhibit melting temperatures of approximately47 degrees Celsius to approximately 138 degrees Celsius. In one morespecific example, an alloy of 58 weight percent bismuth and 42 weightpercent tin melts at approximately 138 degrees Celsius.

Embodiments of the present inventions recognize that, at a sufficientlyhigh temperature, the force applied via the pressurized aqueous mixtureof water and foaming agent can cause obturator 320 to rupture.Embodiments of the present invention also recognize, that temperatureaffects the yield strength and ductility of materials. For example,yield strength generally decreases as temperature increases whileductility increases as temperature increases. Additionally, amorphousand semi-amorphous materials (e.g., polymer materials of varying degreesof crystallinity) generally transition from a hard and relativelybrittle state to a viscous or ductile state at their glass transitiontemperature. As used herein, the classes of non-metallic and metallicmaterials described above are referred to as “temperature-dependentbreakdown material(s).” Use of temperature-dependent breakdown materialsis also discussed with respect to subsequent figures.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 3B, when obturator 320 reaches athreshold temperature or threshold range of temperatures as a result ofheat generated by failing batteries (e.g., battery heat source 105),obturator 320 softens to the point that it is sufficiently ductile forthe force applied by the pressurized aqueous mixture of water andfoaming agent within pressure vessel 340 to force obturator 320 alongshoulder surface 318 of obturated aspirating nozzle 310, therebysqueezing and elongating obturator 320, and along throat surface 316until obturator 320 is ejected from obturated aspirating nozzle 310 viabell portion 312. This embodiment, and similar embodiments,advantageously cause obturator 320 to fail such that obturatedaspirating nozzle 310 becomes completely unobstructed when obturator 320becomes sufficiently ductile for it to be forced from obturatedaspirating nozzle 310. In other embodiments, obturator 320 is designedto fail by melting and/or softening to the point that the force appliedby the pressurized aqueous mixture of water and foaming agent withinpressure vessel 340 is sufficient to rupture obturator 320 in one ormore locations. The force of the aqueous mixture of water and foamingagent flowing through the now at least partially unobstructed obturatedaspirating nozzle 310 may expand ruptured portions of obturator 320 andthereby increase the flux of the two-component fire-fighting foam.

In sonic embodiments, obturator 320 represents a valve that restrictspassage of the aqueous mixture of water and foaming agent when in aclosed position (e.g., a valve within feed tube 330 or obturatedaspirating nozzle 310). The valve embodiment of obturator 320 iscontrolled by a mechanical actuator that is biased (e.g., via springpressure) to maintain the valve in an open position, wherein one or morestructures made of temperature-dependent breakdown material(s) apply anormal force to the valve and/or mechanical actuator that causes thevalve to remain in a closed position against the biasing force. At asufficiently high threshold temperature or threshold range oftemperatures, the one or more structures made of temperature-dependentbreakdown material(s) melt or yield such that the mechanical actuatormoves the valve into the open position and maintains the valve in theopen position under the biasing force. Valve embodiments of obturator320 can include one or more pivoting levers to magnify and/or transmitthe biasing force of the mechanical actuator and/or normal force of thetemperature-dependent breakdown material structure(s) to the valve.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a Li-ion batteryshipping container that is equipped with a plurality of instances of thepressurized foam applicator depicted in FIG. 3A, in accordance with anembodiment of the present inventions.

More specifically, FIG. 4 depicts shipping container 151. Shippingcontainer 151 is substantially similar to shipping container 150, asdescribed with respect to FIG. 2. Shipping container 151, however, omitsthermoelectric generators 110, detonator circuits 120, leads 116, andexplosive foam applicators 130. In place of some of explosive foamapplicators 130, shipping container 151 includes pressurized foamapplicators 300, as described with respect to FIGS. 3A and 3B.Pressurized foam applicators 300 are arranged within first and secondcompartments 154A and 154B of housing 152 to substantially coat thesurfaces of first and second battery pallets 160A and 160B with thetwo-component fire-fighting foam when air temperatures within firstcompartment 154A and/or second compartment 154B reach the thresholdtemperature or threshold range of temperatures at which obturator 320 ofpressurized foam applicators 300 are designed to fail, as discussed withrespect to FIG. 3B. Compared to shipping container 150, shippingcontainer 151 advantageously includes a fewer number of elements as aresult of omitting thermoelectric generators 110, detonator circuits120, and leads 116.

While shipping container 151 includes fewer elements, in general,pressurized foam applicators 300 depend more on the orientation ofshipping container 151 to function correctly than explosive foamapplicators 130 depend on the orientation of shipping container 150 tofunction correctly. This difference can be due to the fact that firstend 332 of feed tube 330 must be below surface level 350 for arespective instance of pressurized foam applicators 300 to functioncorrectly; the orientation of surface level 350 depends on theorientation of the instance of the pressurized foam applicators 300 withrelation to the direction of net gravitational force. This differencecan also arise between embodiments of explosive foam applicator 130 thatachieve higher operating pressures than embodiments of pressurized foamapplicator 300 due to the use of explosives. In the embodiment depictedin FIG. 4, for example, this difference is manifested by that the factthat pressurized foam applicators 300 are similarly oriented withrespect to the bottom surface of shipping container 151 and none areattached to the top surfaces of first and second compartments 154A and154B. Instead, pressurized foam applicators 300 are attached to the sidesurfaces of first and second compartments 154A and 154B such that theycan spray the two-component fire-fighting foam onto the top surfaces offirst and second battery pallets 160A and 160B. In some embodiments,pressurized foam applicators are rotatably attached to surfaces of firstand second compartments 154A and 154B (e.g., via ball joints) tocompensate for motion of shipping container 151.

To function in a greater range of orientations, however, pressurizedfoam applicators 300 can be rotatably attached to surfaces of first andsecond compartments 154A and 154B such that pressurized foam applicators300 maintain an orientation that enables pressurized foam applicators300 to function correcting. For example, pressurized foam applicators300 can be mounted on ball joints, or another form or rotatable joint,that enable the force of gravity to maintain pressurized foamapplicators 300 within an acceptable range of orientations withinshipping container 151. In some embodiments, one or more springs orelectric motors can supplement and/or overcome the force of gravity tomaintain pressurized foam applicators 300 within an acceptable range oforientations. Additionally, pressurized foam applicators 300 canfunction in a greater range of orientations by supplying a propellingforce to the aqueous mixture by a means other than a pressurized inertgas at an interface with the aqueous mixture. For example, embodimentsof pressurized foam applicators 300 can utilize a movable diaphragmwithin pressure vessel 340 that moves within pressure vessel 340 under abiasing force supplied by a pressurized inert gas (i.e., one that isseparated from the aqueous mixture by the diaphragm), a spring, anelastomeric material, a hydraulic actuator, and/or a mechanical actuatorto eject the aqueous mixture from obturated aspirating nozzle 310following the failure of obturator 320. The biasing force supplied tothe diaphragm can be calibrated to be less than a force that will causeobturator 320 to fail below the threshold temperature or range oftemperatures. Feed tube 330 can be shortened, omitted, or otherwisemodified to facilitate travel of the diaphragm within pressure vessel340.

While the embodiments of the present invention discussed thus farcontemplate, and are optimized for, containing and suppressing theeffects of multiple failing Li-ion batteries (e.g., tens, hundreds, orthousands of batteries), other embodiments of the present inventioncontemplate, and are optimized for, containing and suppressing theeffects of individual failing Li-ion batteries and/or individualelectronic devices containing Li-ion batteries. Embodiments of theinvention discussed subsequently, however, are not necessarily limitedto incorporating a single battery or single electronic device.

FIG. 5A depicts a perspective view of a schematic diagram of a Li-ionbattery travel case, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure. More specifically, FIG. 5A depicts travel case 500 includingtop compartment 502 and bottom compartment 504.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5A, top compartment 502 and bottomcompartment 504 are selectively joined to one another via latches 506.As discussed in greater detail with respect to subsequent figures,separating top compartment 502 from bottom compartment 504 allows forthe insertion and/or removal of a battery or electronic device frombottom compartment 504. Top compartment 502 and bottom compartment 504can be joined by any form of joint and/or attachment known in the art.In some embodiments, for example, a hinge rotatably joins topcompartment 502 to bottom compartment 504 along a common edge and one ormore latches secure top compartment 502 to bottom compartment 504 in theclosed position.

In general, travel case 500, and bottom compartment 504 in particular,is sized to accommodate individual consumer electronic devicescontaining Li-ion batteries (e.g., smartphones, tablets, etc.) and/orindividual removable Li-ion batteries from consumer electronic devices(e.g., batteries from laptops, power tools, etc.). Due to varying sizesof consumer electronic devices and batteries therein, in someembodiments, bottom compartment 504 can accommodate multiple smallbatteries and/or electronic devices if sized to accommodate a single,larger battery or electronic device. Embodiments of the presentinvention, however, are not necessarily limited to any particular sizeor number of batteries and/or electronic devices.

In the event that a battery contained within travel case fails, travelcase 500 is designed to contain and suppress the effects of the failure.To contain such failures, at least top compartment 502 and bottomcompartment 504 of travel case 500 are constructed of materials that arecapable of withstanding heat generated by such failures. As noted above,Li-ion battery failures can produce temperatures of approximately 500degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, materials used to construct topcompartment 502 and bottom compartment 504 are analogous to those usedto construct housing 152 of shipping containers 150 and 151 discussedwith respect to FIGS. 2 and 4 respectively. Some embodiments of travelcase 500, however, are small enough that they may be handled byindividuals. For example, crew of an aircraft transporting a Li-ionbattery in travel case 500 may wish to inspect travel case 500 in theevent of a battery failure. In at least some embodiments, it istherefore advantageous to construct travel case 500 such thatindividuals can handle travel case 500 via its external surfaces in theevent of a battery failure. In one example of such embodiments, topcompartment 502 and bottom compartment 504 are constructed of acomposite material represented by three “layers” of material. A firstlayer of material represents respective interior surfaces of topcompartment 502 and bottom compartment 504 and is impermeable to waterand is heat and flame resistant under conditions generally produced byLi-ion battery fires (e.g., a high-temperature metal alloy). A second,“core” layer is a thermally insulating layer (e.g., a porousheat-resistant material and/or a heat-resistant material having lowthermal conductivity). A third layer represents a respective exteriorsurface of top compartment 502 and bottom compartment 504 and isabrasion and impact resistance (e.g., a hard polymer material). In theevent of a failure, the first layer preserves the structural integrityof travel case 500 and the second, “core” layer reduces the amount ofheat that is transmitted to the third layer representing the exterior oftravel case 500. The third layer resists punctures and abrasion oftravel case 500.

In general, top compartment 502, bottom compartment 504, and anyfixtures that attach top compartment 502 to bottom compartment 504(e.g., latches 506) are constructed so as to resist increased pressureswithin travel case 500 as a result of combustion products during abattery failure. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5A, pressure reliefvalve 508 is integrated with bottom compartment 504. Pressure reliefvalve 508 represents various types of one-way valves known in the art(e.g., a springe-tensioned duckbill valve, umbrella valve, etc.).Pressure relief valve 508 releases gas from bottom compartment 504 whenpressure within travel case 500 reaches a threshold pressure to whichthe pressure relief valve 508 is calibrated. Pressure relief valve 508can also incorporate filtering and scrubbing elements as discussed withrespect to vents 155E and 155F of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5B depicts an opposing perspective view of the schematic diagram ofthe Li-ion battery travel case depicted in FIG. 5A, in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure. More specifically, FIG. 5Bdepicts an opposing perspective view of travel case 500.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5B, travel case 500 includesadditional instances of latches 506 on an opposing, longitudinal side oftravel case 500 with respect to the longitudinal side of travel case 500depicted in FIG. 5A. In addition to latches 506, FIG. 5B depicts a lockthat secures top compartment 502 to bottom compartment 504 and preventsunauthorized individuals from inserting and/or removing batteries and/orelectronic devices from travel case 500. Embodiments of travel case 500can utilize a key lock, a combination lock, or any form of lock known inthe art.

Various embodiments of travel case 500 also include identification (ID)tag 514, as depicted in FIG. 5B. In some embodiments, ID tag 514represents a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag. In otherembodiments, ID tag 514 represents a bar code or quick response (QR)code. ID tag 514 can also represent other forms of identification knownin the art. In some embodiments, ID tag 514 identifies travel case 500such that travel case 500 can be tracked as it moves through atransportation and/or cargo-handling network as ID tag 514 is scanned atvarious nodes in the transportation and/or cargo-handling network. Inother embodiments, ID tag 514 is also associated with the contents oftravel case 500 such that the contents of travel case 500 can besimilarly tracked. In some embodiments, ID tag 514 is removably attachedto travel case 500 (e.g., via an adhesive) so that new a new ID tag canbe attached to travel case 500 (e.g., when the contents of travel case500 change). In other embodiments, ID tag 514 represents an electronicdevice than can be reprogrammed in response to changes to travel case500 and/or the contents of travel case 500.

In order to alert individuals to the status of the contents of travelcase 500 (e.g., whether or not a failure of the contents of travel case500 has occurred), travel case 500 includes temperature indicator 516 inthe embodiment depicted in FIG. 5B. In some embodiments, temperatureindicator 516 represent an element incorporating thermochromic paintpigments that change color in response to changes in temperature. Toenhance the accuracy of temperature indicator 516, temperature indicator516 can be attached to the interior to travel case 500 by one or morethermally conductive members. In other embodiments, temperatureindicator 516 represents, at least in part, a digital display,microcontroller, and power supply that enable temperature indicator 516to measure and display temperatures within travel case 500 using atemperature sensor therein (e.g., using a thermocouple). In general,travel case 500 can utilize any type of temperature sensor and/ordisplay technology known in the art to indicate the temperature withintravel case 500 and/or that a battery failure has occurred within travelcase 500.

FIG. 5C is a perspective view of the schematic diagram of the Li-ionbattery travel case depicted in FIG. 5A showing a top-down view of thebottom compartment of the Li-ion battery travel case, in accordance withan embodiment of the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 5C is aschematic diagram depicting a top-down view of bottom compartment 504,with respect to an embodiment of travel case 500.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5C, battery 520 is depicted, inoutline form, between first foaming agent cartridge 530A and secondfoaming agent cartridge 530B. As stated previously, battery 520 canrepresent one or more batteries and/or one or more battery-containingelectronic devices that can be inserted into and removed from travelcase 500. First foaming agent cartridge 530A is attached to bottomcompartment 504 at a first end of bottom compartment 504 and secondfoaming agent cartridge 530B is attached to a second, opposite end ofbottom compartment 504 with respect to second foaming agent cartridge530B. First and second foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B can befixedly or removably attached to bottom compartment 504 using mechanicalfastener(s), chemical fastener(s), electromagnetic fastener(s), and/oranother type of fastener known in the art. Embodiments of the presentinvention are not to be construed as being limited to either the numberor arrangement of foaming agent cartridges depicted in FIGS. 5C and 5D,

First and second foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B are made of atemperature-dependent breakdown material. As previously discussed withrespect to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the temperature-dependent breakdown materialcan be one of various metallic and non-metallic materials that melt,soften, and/or yield at temperatures that result from battery failures,First and second foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B contain afoaming agent. Under normal conditions within travel case 500 (i.e.,“ambient” conditions), first and second foaming agent cartridges 530Aand 530B prevent the release of the foaming agent. Failure of battery520, however, will cause temperatures within travel case 500 toincrease. At a threshold temperature or threshold range of temperatures,first and second foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B melt orotherwise fail to enable the release of the foaming agent and facilitatefire-fighting foam production within travel case 500 to moderate thermalrunaway of battery 520 or suppress or extinguish a fire resulting fromthe failure of battery 520. In some embodiments, like the embodimentdepicted in FIGS. 5C and 5D, first and second foaming agent cartridges530A and 530B also contain a pressurized inert gas. The inert gas can beone of, or a combination of, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon,and other inert gasses known in the art. Including a pressurized inertgas, or gases, within first and second foaming agent cartridges 530A and530B is advantageous in that the pressure exerted by the gas can causefirst and second foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B to ruptureoutwardly when the temperature-dependent breakdown material formingfirst and second foaming agent cartridges 530A weakens to the point thatit fails via a brittle and/or ductile failure mechanism (i.e., byfracturing and/or tearing) at the threshold temperature or thresholdrange of temperatures. Persons of ordinary skill in the art willunderstand that the threshold temperature or threshold range oftemperatures can be adjusted by varying the specific type oftemperature-dependent breakdown material, the dimensions of first andsecond foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B (e.g., wall thicknessand/or cartridge shape), and the pressure of the inert gas or gases,among other factors. Additionally, in exiting first and second foamingagent cartridges 530A and 530B, the inert gas can advantageously aid indispersing the foaming agent throughout the interior of travel case 500.Pressure relief valve 508 can advantageously moderate pressure withintravel case 500 such that the release of the inert gas from first andsecond foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B does not cause thepressure within travel case 500 to exceed the mechanical limits oflatches 506 and/or lock 510.

FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of the Li-ionbattery travel case depicted in FIG. 5A along line A-A, as depicted inFIG. 5C, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Morespecifically, FIG. 5D is a cross-sectional schematic diagram, includingtop compartment 502 and bottom compartment 504, of travel case 500 alongline A-A, as depicted in FIG. 5C.

FIG. 5D depicts the first end of bottom compartment 504 including firstfoaming agent cartridge 530A, as discussed with respect to FIG. 5C. FIG.5D also depicts an outline of battery 520 within bottom compartment 504.In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5D, latches 506 secure topcompartment 502 to bottom compartment 504, and top compartment 502includes separator 540. Separator 540 represents a water-impermeable,temperature-dependent breakdown material that seals top compartment 502to form a sealed compartment within a volume defined, at least in part,by the interior surfaces of top compartment 502. In the embodimentdepicted in FIG. 5D, separator 540 forms a single sealed compartmentwithin top compartment 502. In other embodiments, top compartment 502includes one or more transverse dividing members and/or one or morelongitudinal dividing member to form, in conjunction with separator 540,a plurality of sealed subcompartments. Separator 540 is impermeable towater so as to enable top compartment 502 to store a quantity of water.It is advantageous that separator 540 be made of a material ofsufficient hardness and/or toughness to resist punctures and abrasionsthat are likely to occur during normal usage of travel case 500. In someembodiments, separator 540 is made of a composite material having theproperties described herein with respect to separator 540.

As discussed with respect to FIG. 5C, failure of battery 520 will causetemperatures to increase within travel case 500. Similar to first andsecond foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B, separator 540 is made ofa temperature-dependent breakdown material designed to melt or otherwisefail at a threshold temperature or threshold range of temperatures.Failure of separator 540 results in water flowing from top compartment502 to bottom compartment 504 under the force of gravity and/or inertialforce(s). In some embodiments, separator 540 and first and secondfoaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B are designed to fail at the samethreshold temperature or threshold range of temperatures. In otherembodiments, separator 540 and first and second foaming agent cartridges530A and 530B are designed to fail progressively. For example, separator540 can be designed to fail at a lower threshold temperature orthreshold range of temperatures than first and second foaming agentcartridges 530A and 530B, and consequently, the foaming agent and inertgas within first and second foaming agent cartridges 530A and 530B willbe released into water within bottom compartment 504. Releasing thefoaming agent into water under pressure of the inert gas is advantageousin that it will encourage mixing (i.e., agitation) of the water andfoaming agent to create a two-component fire-fighting foam to coatbattery 520. Additionally, the inert gas can advantageously increase theexpansion ratio of the foam by aerating the foam. In some embodimentsthe foaming agent includes additive(s) that generate additional gas viaa chemical reaction with water and/or solute(s) dissolved in the water(e.g., reactions between various carbonates and various acids, whichproduce carbon dioxide); it is advantageous that the generated gas be aninert gas as opposed to oxygen and/or a flammable gas. Combustionproducts produced by failure of battery 520 can also aerate the foam andencourage mixing of the foaming agent and water.

In general, top compartment 502 is sized to contain an amount of waterthat is sufficient to generate a foam that substantially coats thecontents of travel case 500. In some embodiments, the amount of foam canfill or substantially fill the interior of travel case 500. In otherembodiments, the amount of foam fills or substantially fills only bottomcompartment 504. In general, the volume of battery 520 (i.e., thecontents of travel case 500) can significantly affect the degree towhich the foam fills the interior of travel case 500; it is advantageousto provide sufficient water and foaming agent to generate an amount offoam that is sufficient to substantially coat battery 520 and therebymoderate thermal runaway of battery 520 and/or suppress or extinguish afire resulting from a failure of battery 520. Pressure relief valve 508can be designed to function in the presence of water and/or foam so asto advantageously moderate pressure within travel case 500 followingfailure of separator 540.

FIG. 5E is a cross-sectional schematic diagram on an embodiment of theLi-ion battery travel case depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 5Edepicts an embodiment of travel case 500, designated travel case 550,having exterior features that are substantially similar to those oftravel case 500. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5E, for example,travel case 550 includes top compartment 502, bottom compartment 504,and latches 506 as described with respect to travel case 500 and FIGS.5A and 5D. Travel case 550 differs from travel case 500 with respect toelements used to generate the two-component tire-fighting foam.

Like the embodiment of travel case 500 depicted in FIG. 5D, latches 506removably join top compartment 502 of travel case 550 to bottomcompartment 504 of travel case 550 in the embodiment depicted in FIG.5E. Battery 520 is shown, in outline form, within bottom compartment 504and can be inserted and removed from travel case 550. Unlike theembodiment of travel case 500 described with respect to FIGS. 5C and 5D,bottom compartment 504 of travel case 550 does not contain foaming agentcartridges. Instead, top compartment 502 of travel case 550 includesfoaming agent cartridges 531. Foaming agent cartridges 531 aresubstantially similar to first and second foaming agent cartridges 530Aand 530B in terms of their design, construction, and function. In theembodiment depicted in FIG. 5E, for example, foaming agent cartridges531 contain a foaming and an inert gas. Foaming agent cartridges 531,however, are (i) smaller and more numerous than first and second foamingagent cartridges 530A and 530B (see FIG. 5F) and (ii) are co-located intop compartment 502 along with water stored within top compartment 502of travel case 550 instead of in bottom compartment 504. Embodiments ofthe present invention, however, are not to be construed as being limitedto the number, arrangement, and/or size of foaming agent cartridges 531depicted in FIGS. 5E-5G.

Water is retained within top compartment 502 by membrane 542 andscaffold 552. Scaffold 552 include apertures 554 that enable water,foam, and foaming agents to flow between top compartment 502 and bottomcompartment 504. Membrane 542. represents a water-impermeable materialthat seals top compartment 502 analogously to separator 540 of travelcase 500 and that is designed to fail subsequently to foaming agentcartridges 531. For example, membrane 542 can be made of a material andof dimensions so as to remain intact at the threshold temperature orthreshold range of temperatures at which foaming agent cartridges 531are designed to fail yet fail under an increase in pressure within topcompartment 502 of travel case 550 as a result of one or more of foamingagent cartridges 531 releasing their contents(e.g., a pressurized inertgas). In another example, to fail at a higher temperature than foamingagent cartridges 531, membrane 542 is made of a temperature-dependentbreakdown material having a higher threshold temperature or thresholdrange of temperatures than foaming agent cartridges 531 and/or hasincreased thickness compared to wall thicknesses of foaming agentcartridges 531.

Scaffold 552 is advantageously made of a rigid material (e.g., a hardplastic or metal alloy) and attached to top compartment 502 such thatscaffold 552 supports membrane 542 against the weight of water containedwithin top compartment 502. In addition to enabling water, foam, andfoaming agents to flow between top compartment 502 and bottomcompartment 504, it is advantageous to design apertures 554 in scaffold552 such that they act as stress concentrators with respect to membrane542. For example, concentrating stress within membrane 542 at edges ofapertures 554 can promote fracturing and/or tearing of membrane 543 atthe edges of apertures 554 under pressure from the contents of foamingagent cartridges 531.

FIG. 5F is a perspective view of the schematic diagram of the Li-ionbattery travel case depicted in FIG. 5E showing a bottom-up view of thetop compartment of the Li-ion battery travel case along line B-B, asdepicted in FIG. 5E, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5F, a plurality of foaming agentcartridges 531 are arranged within top compartment 502 such thatapertures 554 of scaffold 552 lie to either side of each foaming agentcartridge. Foaming agent cartridges 531 are shown in outline formbecause they are hidden by membrane 542 and scaffold 552. Embodiments ofthe present invention, however, are not to be construed as being limitedto the number, arrangement, or size of foaming agent cartridges 531depicted in FIGS. 53-5G. Apertures 554 of scaffold 552 expose portionsof membrane 542.

FIG. 5G is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of the embodiment of theLi-ion battery travel case depicted in FIG. 5E depicting the Li-ionbattery travel case following generation of a fire-fighting foam, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Morespecifically, FIG. 5G depicts foaming agent cartridges 531 and membrane542 in failed states.

In some embodiments, mixing of the foaming agent contained withinfoaming agent cartridges 531 and the water contained with topcompartment 502 by membrane 542 occurs prior to membrane 542 failing.For example, pressurized inert gas within foaming agent cartridges 531can promote initial mixing of the foaming agent and the water, and whilestraining membrane 542, the pressure applied by the inert gas does notcause membrane 542 to fail; additional heat generated by battery 520and/or additional gas generated by chemical reactions caused by themixing of the contents of foaming agent cartridges 531 eventually causesmembrane 542 to fail and apply the two-component fire-fighting foam tobattery 520. In other embodiments, failure of membrane 542 is caused bythe failure of foaming agent cartridges 531 and mixing of the foamingagent and water occurs within top compartment 502 and bottom compartment504. Combustion products resulting from the failure of battery 520 canfurther mix and aerate the resulting foam.

Considerations with respect to sizing top compartment 502 of travel case550 and bottom compartment 504 of travel case 550, as well as to theamount of water and foaming agent provided, are analogous to those fortravel case 500.

FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram depicting a view of a single-usecontainment pouch, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. More specifically, FIG. 6A depicts single-use containmentpouch 600 that can be used to contain a Li-ion battery experiencingthermal runaway and suppress and/or extinguish a resulting fire.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6A, single-use containment pouch 600is formed by side panels 602 (i.e., front panel 602A and back panel 602B(back panel 602B is not shown)) that are joined together at their sidessuch that two of seems 603 represent, in part, an interface of frontpanel 602A and back panel 602B. Side panels 602 are each joined tobottom panel 604 to form a sealed pouch. One seem of seems 603represents an interface of bottom panel 604 and side panels 602. The topportions of side panels 602 are similarly joined together to form teartop 606. Tear top 606 includes tear notch 608. A bottom edge of tear top606 is defined, at least in part, by tear line 610. Tear line 610represents a feature that enables an individual to open single-usecontainment pouch 600 along tear line 610 (e.g., a snap closure, ashearable region, a zip closure, and other forms of openable seals knownin the art). The embodiment depicted in FIG. 6A contemplates a usertearing off tear top 606 along tear line 610, beginning at tear notch608. Embodiments of the present invention, however, are not to beconstrued as being limited to requiring a “tearing” motion to opensingle-use containment pouch 600. The embodiment depicted in FIG. 6A canbe resealed by rolling back panel 602B onto the portion of front panel602A including adhesive strip 612. Other embodiments can use othermethods of resealing single-use containment pouch 600, and in someembodiments, the method of opening single-use containment pouch 600 canalso facilitate resealing single-use containment pouch 600. As describedin greater detail subsequently, single-use containment pouch 600 isdesigned, in an unopened condition, to hold a quantity of water.Accordingly, it is advantageous that single-use pouch 600 be constructed(e.g., with respect to seems 603) so as to be substantially leakresistant and that the elements that facilitate opening and/or resealingsingle-use containment pouch 600 be leak-resistant.

Single-use containment pouch 600 is analogous to travel cases 500 and550 at least in that single-use pouch is designed to hold a singlebattery or single battery-containing electronic device of a given size(but may hold multiple batteries and/or electronic devices that aresmaller than the given size). Similarly, individuals may wish to inspectand/or handle single-use containment pouch 600 after depositing abattery or electronic device into single-use containment pouch 600.Additionally, individuals may need to grasp single-use containment pouch600 in order to reseal single-use containment pouch 600 after depositinga battery or electronic device into it. It is therefore advantageous toconstruct single-use containment pouch 600, at least in part, usingthermally insulative materials. Like travel cases 500 and 550,single-use containment pouch 600 can be constructed (e.g., side panels602 and bottom panel 604) of a material or multiple materials (e.g., acomposite material) that retain strength at temperatures generated byfailing Li-ion batteries, insulate exterior surfaces of single-usecontainment pouch 600 from such temperatures, and resists punctures andabrasions from normal use. While embodiments of single-use containmentpouch 600 can be rigid or substantially rigid, it is advantageous thatsingle-use containment pouch 600 be constructed of more flexiblematerials. For example, single-use containment pouch 600 can be usedaboard passenger vehicles (e.g., commercial aircraft) in the event thata passenger's Li-ion battery or Li-ion battery-containing electronicdevice begins to fail. Constructing single-use containment pouch 600from flexible materials (e.g., for side panels 602 and bottom panel 604)can enable storage of single-use containment pouch 600 inirregularly-shaped locations (e.g., seat-back pockets), therebypotentially increasing the number of instances of single-use containmentpouch 600 that can be stored and/or increasing the number locations inwhich single-use containment pouch 600 can be stored.

Like pressure relief valve 508 of travel cases 500 and 550, theembodiment of single-use containment pouch 600 depicted in FIG. 6Aincludes pressure relief valve 614 on front panel 602A to moderatepressure within single-use containment pouch 600. Pressure relief valve614 is analogous to pressure relief valve 508. Similarly, the embodimentof single-use containment pouch 600 depicted in FIG. 6A includestemperature indicator 616 on front panel 602A. Temperature indicator 616is analogous to temperature indicator 516. Additionally, embodiments ofsingle-use containment pouch 600 can include a pair of heat-resistantgloves (not shown) to facilitate handling of single-use containmentpouch 600 following its use. Hook-and-loop strip 618 represents a patchof hook material or a patch of loop material on front panel 602A thatallows for a pair of heat-resistant gloves having an opposite type ofhook-and-loop material to be attached to the exterior of single-usecontainment pouch 600 for potential re-use. Hook-and-loop strip 618 canrepresent other types of reusable attachment material (e.g., a reusableadhesive strip) or fastener known in the art to attach a pair ofheat-resistant gloves to the exterior of single-use containment pouch600.

FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 6A along line C-C, asdepicted in FIG. 6A, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. More specifically, Figure GB depicts an interior ofsingle-use containment pouch 600 when single-use containment pouch 600is in an unopened condition. Pressure relief valve 614, temperatureindicator 616, and hook-and-loop strip 618 are omitted from FIG. 6B forillustrative simplicity.

Water level 620 defines a surface of a quantity of water contained bysingle-use containment pouch 600, if single-use containment pouch 600(e.g., side panels 602 and bottom panel 604) is constructed of flexiblematerial(s), water level 620 can rise and fall as single-use containmentpouch 600 is bent and/or squeezed. When using single-use containmentpouch 600, an individual places a failing battery and/or electronicdevice into the water contained within single-use containment pouch 600.Accordingly, it is advantageous that the quantity of water containedwithin single-use containment pouch 600 not be so great that water level620 exceeds the level of tear line 610 in anticipated usage scenarios(i.e., based on the anticipated types and sizes of batteries and/orelectronic devices). The individual can reseal the embodiment ofsingle-use containment pouch 600 depicted in FIG. 6B by rolling aportion of back panel 602B and the portion of front panel 602A includingadhesive strip 612 (side panels 602 are joined at two of seems 603)forward such that adhesive strip 612 contacts and adheres to a lowerportion of front panel 602A. In some embodiments, additional material isprovided (e.g., a flap of similar construction to side panels 602) toaid in resealing single-use containment pouch 600. Different sizes ofsingle-use containment pouch 600 can be used to accommodate batteriesand electronic devices of a range of types and sizes.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6B, single-use containment pouch 600includes foaming agent cartridge 622 to facilitate the generation of atwo-component fire-fighting foam. Foaming agent cartridge 622 isanalogous to foaming agent cartridges 530 and 531, as described withrespect to FIGS. 5C-5G, in purpose, construction, and function. In theembodiment depicted in FIGS. 6A-6F, foaming agent cartridge 622 toattached to bottom panel 604 using any one of, or a combination of,mechanical fastener(s), chemical fastener(s), electromagneticfastener(s), or other types of fasteners known in the art. In otherembodiments, foaming agent cartridge is not attached to any portion ofsingle-use containment pouch 600 and floats in the water containedwithin single-use containment pouch 600. Embodiments of the presentinvention are not to be construed as being limited to the number orarrangement of foaming agent cartridges depicted in FIGS. 6B-6F.

FIG. 6C is a cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIGS. 6A and 6B along line D-D,as depicted in FIG. 6B, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. More specifically, FIG. 6C depicts a cross-sectional viewthrough foaming agent cartridge 622 when single-use containment pouch600 is in an unopened condition. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6C,foaming agent cartridge 622 is filled with a foaming agent and apressurized inert gas, analogously to foaming agent cartridges 530 and531. Water surrounds foaming agent cartridge 622 and rises to waterlevel 620 within single-use containment pouch 600, which is sealed, atleast in part, at seems 603 and along tear line 610 of tear top 606.Pressure relief valve 614 is shown, in outline form, to provide anexemplary point of reference for water level 620.

FIG. 6D is the cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 6C showing a tear top ofthe single-use containment pouch in a partially torn position, inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Morespecifically, FIG. 6C depicts a cross-sectional view through foamingagent cartridge 622 when single-use containment pouch 600 is in apartially-opened condition. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6C,single-use containment pouch 600 is opened by shearing, beginning attear notch 608, tear top 606 along tear line 610 with respect to thelower portion of front panel 602A (not shown) and back panel 602B.

FIG. 6E is the cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 6D showing a batterywithin the resealed single-use containment pouch in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 6E showsbattery 624 deposited into water within single-use containment pouch600.

Depositing battery 624 into the water within single-use containmentpouch 600 raises water level 620 (e.g., as shown with respect to theoutline pressure relief valve 614 between FIGS. 6D and 6E). If battery624 is experiencing thermal runaway, the heat produced by battery 624will raise the temperature of the water within single-use containmentpouch 600. In FIG. 6D, the temperature of the water within single-usecontainment pouch 600 does not yet exceed the threshold temperature orthreshold range of temperatures at which foaming agent cartridge 622 isdesigned to fail. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 6E, tear line 610is shown in outline form to represent the location of tear line 610 as aresult of resealing single-use containment pouch as described withrespect to FIG. 6A.

FIG. 6F is the cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 6E showing a rupturedfoaming agent cartridge and a fire-fighting foam coating the batterywithin the resealed single-use containment pouch in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 6F showsfoaming agent cartridge 622 in a ruptured condition and the resultingtwo-component foam that coats battery 624. As discussed with respect toFIGS. 5C-5G, pressurized inert gas released from foaming agent cartridge622 following the failure of foaming agent cartridge 622 canadvantageously promote mixing of the foaming agent with the water withinsingle-use containment pouch 600 and aerate the resulting foam. If safeto do so, an individual may also lightly shake single-use containmentpouch 600 to promote mixing of the foaming agent and water and aerationof the foam.

In general, single-use containment pouch 600 is sized to contain anamount of water that can generate sufficient foam to coat theanticipated sizes and types of batteries and/or electronic devices andfill or partially fill single-use containment pouch 600. Foam level 626represents a height of the foam within single-use containment pouch 600at a point in time. Foam level 626 can changes based, at least in part,on the expansion ratio of the foam. Sizing single-use containment pouch600 is analogous to sizing travel case 500 and travel case 550.Additionally, single-use containment pouch 600 is advantageouslyconstructed to resist pressure resulting from one of, or a combinationof, the release of pressurized inert gas from foaming agent cartridge622, gas produced as a result of the foaming agent mixing with thewater, and combustion products resulting from the failure of battery624. Pressure relief valve can advantageously moderate pressures withinsingle-use containment pouch 600 as previously described.

FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of a schematic diagram depicting aview of a single-use containment pouch, in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention. More specifically, FIG. 7A depicts single-usecontainment pouch 650 that can be used to contain a Li-ion batteryexperiencing thermal runaway and suppress and/or extinguish anyresulting fire.

The embodiment of singly-use containment pouch 650 depicted in FIG. 7Ais substantially similar to embodiment of single-use containment pouch600 depicted in FIGS. 6A-6F, at least with respect to its exteriorfeatures, construction, and intended purpose. For example, theembodiment of single-use containment pouch 650 depicted in FIG. 7A isconstructed by joining front panel 602A, back panel 602B, and bottompanel 604 along seems 603 and an individual can reseal single-usecontainment pouch 600 using adhesive strip 612. Pressure relief valve614, temperature indicator 616, and hook-and-loop strip 618 are omittedfrom FIG. 7A for illustrative simplicity. Single-use containment pouch650, however, differs from single-use containment pouch 600, at least inpart, in the way in which a foaming agent and water are mixed. Forexample, FIG. 7A depicts obturated foaming agent cartridge 628 in placeof foaming agent cartridge 622. Water surrounds obturated foaming agentcartridge 628 and has a surface defined by water level 620. Obturator630 obstructs an aperture in obturated foaming agent cartridge 628 andis attached to tether 632, which flexibly attaches obturator 630 to teartop 606. Tether 632 is anchored to tear top 606, above tear line 610, attether anchor 634. In various embodiments, tether anchor 634 represent apoint at which tether 632 is attached to top portions of one or both offront panel 602A and back panel 602B (i.e., the portions of side panels602 that form tear top 606) by any type of fastener known in the art.

Embodiments of the present invention are not be construed as beinglimited to the arrangement, number, or size of obturated foamingcartridges, obturators, and tethers depicted in FIGS. 7A-7C.

FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 7A along line E-E, asdepicted in FIG. 7A, in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention. More specifically, FIG. 7B depicts obturator 630 preventingthe release of a foaming agent a pressurized inert gas from obturatedfoaming agent cartridge 628 when single-use containment pouch 650 is inan unopened condition.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 7B, obturated foaming agent cartridge628 is constructed so as to resist the pressure of the pressurized inertgas when submerged in water (i.e., below water level 620), and therebycontain the foaming agent, when one or more apertures in obturatedfoaming agent cartridge 628 are obstructed by obturator 630. In someembodiments, obturated foaming agent cartridge 628 is constructed tomerely contain the foaming agent when submerged in water (i.e., forembodiments in which obturated foaming agent cartridge 628 does notcontain a pressurized inert gas). Obturator 630 is constructed andinserted, at least in part, into one or more apertures of obturatedfoaming agent cartridge 628 so as to prevent the release of the foamingagent and inert gas when single-use pouch 650 is in an unopenedcondition. In some embodiments, frictional forces are sufficient toretain obturator 630 within the aperture(s) of obturated foaming agentcartridge 628. In other embodiments one or a combination of mechanicalfastener(s), chemical fastener(s), and electromagnetic fastener(s) areused to retain obturator 630 within the aperture(s) of obturated foamingagent cartridge 628 when single-use pouch 650 is in an unopenedcondition. Similarly, obturated foaming agent cartridge 628 can beattached to bottom panel 604 by various types of fastener known in theart. In some embodiments, obturator 630 and obturated foaming agentcartridge 628 represents a pocket in bottom panel 604, in which caseobturator 630 can be constructed similarly to bottom panel 604 and isremovably sealed to bottom panel 604 around its edges to contain thefoaming agent; obturator 630 can be “peeled” away from bottom panel 604via tether 632.

Tether 632 is constructed so as to permit an individual to applysufficient force to tether 632 to dislodge obturator 630 from theaperture(s) of obturated foaming agent cartridge 628 and thereby releasethe foaming agent and pressurized inert gas within. In variousembodiments, tether 632 is made from a flexible material. Additionally,it is advantageous for tether 632 to have sufficient length and/orelasticity to permit single-use pouch 650 to be bent or squeezed withoutcausing tether 632 to apply significant force to obturator 630 or tetheranchor 634. Tether 632 can be attached to obturator 630 and tetheranchor 634 of tear top 606 (e.g., a tope portion of back panel 602B) byany means known in the art that enables an individual to transmitsufficient force to obturator 630 to dislodge obturator 630 from theaperture(s) of obturated foaming agent cartridge 628.

FIG. 7C is the cross-sectional view of the schematic diagram of thesingle-use containment pouch depicted in FIG. 7B showing a tear top ofthe single-use containment pouch in a torn position and a release offoaming agent and inert gas, in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention. More specifically, FIG. 7C depicts obturator 630 in adislodged position as a result of an individual displacing tear top 606with respect to a lower portion of single-use pouch 650 enough todislodge obturator 630 from the aperture(s) of obturated foaming agentcartridge 628.

In various embodiments, the required displacement of tear top 606 isbased, at least n part, on the length of tether 632 and the displacementof obturator 630 required to dislodge obturator 630. Anchoring tether632 to tear top 606 at tether anchor 634 is advantageous in that the actof opening single-use pouch 650 along tear line 610 triggers the releaseof the foaming agent from obturated foaming agent cartridge 628. In someembodiments, however, tether 632 has a free end that is removablyattached to an interior surface of side panels 602 (e.g., back panel602B or front panel 602A (not shown)), in which case opening single-usepouch 650 and dislodging obturator 630 are separate acts that can enablean individual to place a failing battery into single-use pouch 650before releasing the foaming agent from obturated foaming agentcartridge 628. In embodiments in which tether 632 is anchored to teartop 606 (i.e., embodiment in which opening single-use pouch 650 causesthe release of the foaming agent), it is advantageous to include achemical buffer and/or utilize surfactants and additives that can delayfoam generation or moderate initial foam generation. Delaying ormoderating foam generation can give an individual additional time toplace a failing battery within single-use pouch 650 and resealsingle-use pouch 650, thereby reducing the risk of foam escapingsingle-use pouch 650. Omitting a pressurized inert gas from obturatedfoaming agent cartridge 628 can similarly moderate initial foamproduction. In various embodiments, an individual may also shakesingle-use containment pouch 600, if safe to do so, in order to promotemixing of the foaming agent and water and aeration of the foam.Generation of foam, the moderation of thermal runway, and thesuppression and/or extinguishing of any resulting fires is otherwiseproceeds similarly as with respect to the embodiment depicted in FIGS.6E and 6F.

The descriptions of the various embodiments of the present inventionhave been presented for purposes of illustration, but are not intendedto be exhaustive or limited to the embodiments disclosed. Manymodifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skillin the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.The terminology used herein was chosen to best explain the principles ofthe embodiment, the practical application or technical improvement overtechnologies found in the marketplace, or to enable others of ordinaryskill in the art to understand the embodiments disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for explosively applying a fire-fightingfoam, the system comprising: a thermoelectric generator having a firstsurface and a second surface, wherein a temperature differential betweenthe first surface and the second surface causes the thermoelectricgenerator to generate an electrical current having atemperature-dependent voltage; a detonator circuit that is electricallyconnected to the thermoelectric generator, wherein the detonator circuitmeasures a voltage of the electrical current generated by thethermoelectric generator; and an explosive foam applicator that iscommunicatively connected to the detonator circuit, wherein thedetonator circuit includes a trigger mechanism that detonates apropelling charge in response to a signal received from the detonatorcircuit in response to the detonator circuit determining that thevoltage of the electrical current generated by the thermoelectricgenerator corresponds to a temperature that is greater than or equal toa threshold temperature.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the detonatorcircuit is electrically connected to the explosive foam applicator. 3.The system of claim 2, wherein the detonator circuit is driven by theelectrical current generated by the thermoelectric generator.
 4. Thesystem of claim 3, wherein the detonator circuit is configured tostep-up the voltage of the electrical current generated by thethermoelectric generator such that the stepped-up voltage of theelectrical current generated by the thermoelectric generator issufficient to activate the trigger mechanism.
 5. The system of claim 3,wherein the detonator circuit is configured to step-up the current ofthe electrical current generated by the thermoelectric generator suchthat the stepped-up current of the electrical current generated by thethermoelectric generator is sufficient to activate the triggermechanism.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the thermoelectricgenerator is optimized to generate the electrical current betweenapproximately 200 degrees Celsius and approximately 360 degrees Celsius.7. The system of claim 6, wherein the thermoelectric generator is acascaded thermoelectric generator.
 8. The system of claim 1, the systemfurther comprising: a heat source in physical contact with the firstsurface of the thermoelectric generator, wherein the explosive foamapplicator is oriented such that detonating the propelling the chargecauses the explosive foam applicator to apply a foam to the heat source.9. The system of claim 8, wherein the heat source is one or morelithium-ion batteries.
 10. An apparatus for explosively applying afire-fighting foam, the apparatus comprising: a nozzle; a chamber havingan aperture, wherein the nozzle is attached to the chamber such that thenozzle is in communication with an interior of the chamber via theaperture; a trigger mechanism attached to the chamber, the triggermechanism having a first portion that resides within the interior of thechamber and a second portion that passes through a wall of the chamberto receive a signal from a detonator circuit; a propelling chargecontained within the chamber and positioned within the chamber such thatthe trigger mechanism can trigger the propelling charge; and a foamcartridge attached to the interior of the chamber such that expansion ofthe propelling charge ruptures the foam cartridge and ejects, at least npart, contents of the foam cartridge from the chamber via the nozzle.11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the nozzle is an aspiratingnozzle.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the propelling charge isan explosive charge.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein thepropelling charge is a mass of sodium azide.
 14. The apparatus of claim12, wherein the propelling charge is a mass of nitroguanidine.
 15. Theapparatus of claim 10, the foam cartridge comprising: one or moreaqueous cells and one or more foaming agent cells, wherein rupturing thefoam cartridge causes contents of at least one aqueous cell and at leastone foaming agent cell to mix and produce a foam.
 16. The apparatus ofclaim 15, wherein the one or more foaming agent cells contain one ormore surfactants.
 17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the contents ofthe foam cartridge include water at approximately 50 to approximately 60weight percent of the contents of the foam cartridge, one or moresurfactants at approximately 35 weight percent of the contents of thefoam cartridge, and one or more additives at approximately 5 toapproximately 15 weight percent of the contents of the foam cartridge.18. An apparatus for safely transporting a plurality of batteries, theapparatus comprising: a shipping container housing having a bottominterior surface and a plurality of side interior surface; a pluralityof batteries attached to the bottom interior surface of the shippingcontainer housing; one or more explosive foam applicators attached toone or more of the side interior surfaces of the shipping containerhousing such that each explosive foam applicator is oriented to apply afoam to the plurality of batteries, each explosive foam applicatorcomprising: a nozzle; a chamber having an aperture, wherein the nozzleis attached to the chamber such that the nozzle is in communication withan interior of the chamber via the aperture; a trigger mechanismattached to the chamber, the trigger mechanism having a first portionthat resides within the interior of the chamber and a second portionthat passes through a wall of the chamber to receive a signal, apropelling charge contained within the chamber and positioned within thechamber such that the trigger mechanism can trigger the propellingcharge; and a foam cartridge attached to the interior of the chambersuch that expansion of the propelling charge ruptures the foam cartridgeand ejects, at least in part, contents of the foam cartridge from thechamber via the nozzle; one or more thermoelectric generators, eachthermoelectric generator having a first surface and a second surface,the first surface attached to the plurality of batteries such that heatgenerated by the plurality of batteries create a temperaturedifferential between the first surface and the second surface of atleast one of the thermoelectric generators; and one or more detonatorcircuits, wherein each detonator circuit is electrically connected to arespective thermoelectric generator of the one or more thermoelectricgenerators and is communicatively connected to at least one respectivetrigger mechanism of the one or more explosive foam applicators.
 19. Theapparatus of claim 18, wherein the plurality of batteries are aplurality of lithium-ion batteries.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19,wherein the contents of the foam cartridge include water and one or moresurfactants and one or more additives, and wherein the one or moresurfactants and the one or more additives are resistant to polar solarsolvents contained within the plurality of lithium-ion batteries.